Chronological Record of Various Acts that were Implemented...

The Indian Judicial System is described as a system which is partly a continuation of the legal system, established by the British and follows a structure which is a combination of American Legal System and the British Legal System. It follows a hierarchical construction in the order of the court with Supreme Court (SC) at the top, followed by the High Court (HC), further followed by the District Courts (DC). The Indian Judicial System is an independent entity, which does not fall under the control of the government and its various branches. The treatment of persons with mental illness has been documented in the ancient Ayurvedic texts, but introduction of a separate institution for the sole purpose of the care of the mentally ill is a†¦show more content†¦This Act intended to do away with the discriminations that were present in the previous Act with respect to sharing of benefits in relation to non-disabled persons. It also aimed at putting a stop on abuse and exploitation of persons with disability (PWD). It required the government to carry out inclusive development plans that would help in the integration of PWD in social mainstream. Under this, mental retardation and mental illness are categorized as conditions of disabilities. Therefore, person with mental illness were eligible for the benefits available to persons with disability. After this came the National Trust Act, 1999; this was enacted for the welfare of persons with autism, cerebral palsy, mental retardation and multiple disabilities. The Act aimed to empower these people and make it possible for them to live as independently as possible and live closely and within the community they belong to so that they can have equal access to the various opportunities, further enabling them to protect their rights . In 2006, India with many other countries signed the United Nations Convention for Rights of Persons with Disabilities- 2006 (UNCRPD, 2006). These countries were to reshape their laws in accord to the requirements of UNCPRD. The UNCPRD was adopted by the parliament of India in May, 2008. This saw a major change taking place with respect to the social welfare ofShow MoreRelatedAn Evaluation of an on-Farm Food Safety Program for Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Producers; a Global Blueprint for Fruit and Vegetable Producers51659 Words   |  207 Pagesblueprint for fruit and vegetable producers Benjamin J. Chapman University of Guelph, 2005 Advisor: Professor Douglas A. Powell Fresh fruits and vegetables have been increasingly linked to cases of foodborne illness. Many produce farmers have implemented on-farm food safety strategies, employing good agricultural practices focusing on water, handling and sanitation to reduce risk. 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The Run Down on How to Start an Essay about Myself Exposed

The Run Down on How to Start an Essay about Myself Exposed How to Start an Essay about Myself: the Ultimate Convenience! So for those who have an essay assigned that you require help with, you can purchase essay online cheap from us. If this is the case, you may wish to understand what an expository essay is. In order to comprehend how a personal essay appears like, you should go through few successful samples. How a crucial essay ought to be written. As soon as you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin searching for an ideal writer for your paper. It'll be so much simpler to write, once you've finished your paper. Writing a prosperous paper about yourself always begin with an appropriate analysis. Do you learn how to pay an introduction. The structure of private statement is easier. With that procedure, you'll certainly have a fantastic foundation to begin a paragraph describing yourself. Understand your topic well and make certain you explain your points in easy and understandable language. Choose an interesting topic as you want to develop a good story and analyze it. When you locate a topic you want, sit down and write for one hour or so. You will ideally address a single topic in 1 paragraph. What You Must Know About How to Start an Essay about Myself The type of essay you're looking for will be offered to you within the deadline offered to you. A fantastic college essay introduction is essential to making your essay stand out, so there's plenty of pressure to receive it exactly perfect. Therefore, when you have a few really excellent life stories to share, don't hesitate to do it. Don't forget, your private essay might be the truth, but it doesn't indicate you shouldn't consider it from a creative writing mindset. It is possible to easily buy unique college essays and don't neglect to tell friends and family about it. When students are requested to compose an introduce myself essay, a lot of them turn to different on-line writing services like essays-service. So should you need to employ college essay writer online, we're just the people that you will need to contact. While it's the case that there are a few excellent writers in college some find it extremely tricky to write. It's natural for the student to find the recommendations of a reliable adult or writing tutor to aid in ideas and essay training, as it can be hard to look at from an outside perspective. Give them a general idea of what you could do well, and describe ways to contribute your knowledge to the prosperity of that specific college or university. Any student, for example, who wishes to submit an application for a grant or scholarship is very likely to be asked to offer a description of themselves and usually an explanation as to why they are worthy of this kind of opportunity. For instance, a student who's applying for a scholarship can be requested to describe themselves and explain the reason why they ought to be given an opportunity. As soon as you receive a task done from us you will return again if you need assistance with another one of your essays. Essays are generally not very long, therefore it's no real surprise that teachers would assign a whole lot of them to write. The essays act as a glimpse into how your mind works, how you see the world and offers perspective. Writing a critical essay demands training and experience, but the most significant thing is it requires observation. Choose whether you would rather an enjoyable anecdote or a critical take-away, but your key goal needs to be determined at once to prevent losing your focus. 1 thing to remember is that for your private essay to genuinely stand out, you will need to write about an experience that not everybody goes through. It's true, you're likely to get the urge to want to send off your draft immediately, but you haveto dig in. To guarantee that you will see a complete answer to every question, we've got a support team that's always onl ine. You could also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. Make your very first order at this time and find the help you need whenever possible. It is preferable to acquire professional writing assistance from the corresponding support. What all you will need is getting the assistance from a specialist and EssaysChief is going to be the expert that you seek out.

The Cicadas Analysis free essay sample

Judith Wright was a political poet who concerned herself with many social issues which eventually became extremely personal to her. These issues manifested themselves in her poetry. She mixed words with deeds which explored the spiritual dimension of the Australian land. She believed that the role of the poet was that of a public figure with a responsibility for opposing the negative social forces and inhumane attitudes that degrade human life and the environment. Consequently nothing in Judith Wrights poems are inane or arbitrary, everything serves a specific purpose. The values that she concerns her poetry with are same values that she fought for in the political arena. Judith Wright uses figurative language in her poetry as a vehicle to foreground these values and personal and social issues, and is evident in the poem, â€Å"The Cicadas.† Figurative language is Language that communicates ideas beyond the ordinary or literal meaning of the words such as metaphor, slimily, personification, symbolism and paradoxes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cicadas Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Judith Wright felt it was her role to protect those who could not protect them self and passionately involved herself in many social issues such as the conservation of the environment and protection of the Aboriginal people, which in itself also became a personal issue of Wrights. Many of her beliefs stemmed from her father who taught her that we are a part of the environment, not the rulers of it. In the mid-sixties she co-founded the Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland and increasingly threw herself into active environmental work and continued to do so until the last decade of her life. Along with her profound awareness of environmental problems came a new understanding of the terrible wrongs inflicted on the Aboriginal people, Consequently urging her to become involved in organizations attempting to rectify these situations. It is interesting that Wright has focused an entire poem on such a small and seemingly insignificant creature, the cicada. This conveys to the audience  that even such a simple, humble creature such as this is just as effective as any thing else in teaching us the importance of nature and the need to conserve and protect it. Even though the poem begins with a description of the harsh and scorching Australian landscape, that Wright so powerfully adores and works to protect, the mood in this stanza is light hearted and relaxed. The line â€Å"in yellow days in summer† uses the colour yellow as imagery which is symbolic of the heat and also sets the mood for this particular stanza as warm, comfortable and mellow, which is further emphasized by other words such as â€Å"stillness,† and the line â€Å"birds fall quiet.† The line â€Å"streams sink in their beds,† personifies the streams, creating the image of the stream resting and relaxing as if human and adds to the calm and joyous mood of this first stanza. This mood that is conveyed and felt by the reader makes them appreciate nature for what it is and by doing so brings to the fore Judith Wrights belief in the conservation of the environment, because it is so gentile and beautiful and the way it can make us feel, Wright makes the reader understand that it is essential to protect it. In the first stanza Wright uses personification in order to humanize and bring nature to life. This makes the audience feel connected to it on a deeper level almost as if it is human. Summer is personified as hands that press down and harden the earth. The fact that summer is said to have hands gives it a very human aspect. Wright connects with nature on such a deep level that it could almost be considered as a human relation ship, by personifying summer Wright intends to make the audience feel this way as well, which then poses the question, How can we destroy nature when it is so much like us? Wright refers to the nymphs, which are the wingless cicadas before they mature into their adult form, and describes them as having spent their entire life â€Å"crouched alone and dumb in patent ugliness enduring the humble dark.† Wright uses her extensive knowledge of the English language to create a paradox by using the word nymph, they are described as ugly, however the word has a double meaning and also refers to a minor nature goddess usually depicted as a beautiful maiden. This paradox could possibly serve the purpose of conveying that even the superficially ugly aspects of the natural world have a strong element of beauty if we are prepared to look for it. Due to her close affinity and love of nature Wright believes that every natural aspect of the world is beautiful, and no matter how aesthetically unpleasing they may be every living creature must be cherished and defended as they can not fend for themselves. The line â€Å"hanging on the trees blood dreamed vaguely the dreams of trees,† suggests the connection between flora and fauna. This connection is a primary belief of the aborigines and by mentioning this in her poem Wright subtlety foregrounds the cultural identity of the aborigines and grants them respect. Wright describes the life of the nymphs as sad lonely, ugly and dark. These creatures can live at this stage of their life for up to seven years waiting patiently until they are finally ready to mature into their adult form. The line â€Å"they neither slept nor woke† suggests a life of routine and dullness, lacking purpose. The third stanza resembles that of a birth, â€Å"an unmade body wakes,† and is highlighted by the imagery, for example â€Å"fights to break its motherly enclosing ground,† but it is not birth in the literal sense. It is the nymph maturing into the adult form of the cicada. Wright has employed a powerful paradox using figurative language in the line â€Å"these dead must dig their upward grave in fear.† When a nymph is about to mature into a cicada it digs upwards to the surface to leave its old life, which was described as death, behind , where finally it can begin to search for love. However when they reach the surface they only live for a couple of weeks, so are essentially digging upward graves and this happier existence is transient like many of the pleasures in our life. This theme of love is referred to in this poem a number of times. In the  fourth stanza Wright represents love as an â€Å"unmerciful blade† that â€Å"has pierced us through.† By personifying the cicada and making it feel love and other emotions, the reader can identify with it on a deeper level as they feel empathy for its struggles and sadness and triumph in its successes and love, they actually care about its existence and well being in the world, which consequently means they would hope for the conservation of this and other creatures of the world. A similar effect is created in the last line of the fourth stanza and onwards. The poet adopts the persona of the cicada and feels that she is one with them, which makes the poem much more personal, once again making it much easier for the reader to relate to the cicada. The last stanza conveys a triumphant mood where at long last the nymphs have matured into adult cicadas and can rejoice in love in the natural world, like in their dreams. In contrast to the dark imagery in the first stanza, light is used to create a sense of joy and love, which Judith Wright hopes can for ever exist, so long as we do our part in the conservation of this beautiful world.

Pestle analysis food industry free essay sample

. We are a government recognized Star export house and deal in Spices, Oil seeds and Dehydrated vegetables. Our main markets are Russia, Eastern Europe and The Middle East. We plan to expand our business into Brazil, Ukraine, Poland and Taiwan. Through the analysis we will try to look into several factors that we think will have an impact on our future investment plans. 2. 0 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS: PESTEL FRAMEWORK 2. 1 Political Factors. Internal factors In India as in elsewhere politics and economics get intertwined quite often. Sudden ban on exports of products such as onion, rice etc. have an adverse effect on our business. Many a time these policy decisions (Bans) are more of a knee jerk reaction to sudden crises rather than a well thought out strategy. This leads to disruption of supplies to the markets that traditionally the Indian exporter’s supply to and eventually gives an opportunity for other countries to get into the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Pestle analysis food industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, NCDEX although is a tool for better price realization what it is actually leading to is more speculation leading to abnormal fluctuations in the commodities market. (b) External factors: The west is looking towards Asia for new markets. But wants to continue to subsidies its farm produce while at the same time it expects concessions from the developing nations. Many a times instead of putting bans they put non-tariff barriers which is an indirect mode of trade protectionism. Hence today most of the countries have their own Free Trade Agreements with other nations. The ability of a nation to have a balanced trade negotiations and in return get special access to markets leads to economic as well as political benefits. For example there are special trade incentives given by governments for doing business with lesser known and more risky regions such as the CIS countries under the Focus Market scheme. War and political unrest also effects our trade as it leads to increase in uncertainty. For example during the Arab spring there was a decline in trade between Egypt and the world due to the political unrests. Egypt is a major supplier of cumin seeds, dehydrated onion same as India. But due to shortage of these goods the international prices shot up and countries like India and China benefited from this. In many countries including Indiathere is debate going on GMO (genetically modified) and Non–GMO food (non-genetically modified). There is no clear cut decision being taken on the issue leading to uncertainty in the agricultural development of the country. Effect of impact: High impact Dimension: Both micro as well as Macro level Time: All the factors mentioned will have the impact on the present as well as future growth of the company. 2. 2 Economical Factors Economic factors are of concern to Deepkamal Exports Pvt Ltd as they are likely to influence demand, costs, prices and profits. Most of the economic factors are largely outside the control of the company, but their effects on performance and the marketing mix can be profound. Although our business with other countries is growing and is expected to contribute a greater amount to company’s profits over the next few years, the company is still highly dependent on the Russian market. Hence, the company would be badly affected by any slowdown in the Russian food market and hence we are exposed to market concentration risks. The other economic factors that have impact are listed as below: Economic Criteria’s to look for Reason Population of the country As it is one of the indicators of possible higher consumption As to the composition of the food industry Our products are mainly used in confectionary, meat and ready to eat food industry. This data helps us to decide which markets to focus upon. Per capita income and therefore disposable income Another indicator of whether a market is price sensitive or willing to pay a premium for quality products. Effect of impact: Positive Degree of impact: High Forecast for future: With the advent of institutions such as world trade organization, free trade organizations the economies are becoming more and more intertwined. If we consider the factors mentioned above then we will have a better chance to enter these markets as well as an increased chance of establishing business in future. 2. 3 Social/Cultural Factors Since we are into exports â€Å"Social factors† that affect us are mostly macro–environmental in nature. The food habits of the importing country is of great importance to us. The existing and acceptance of new tastes. Also, increasingly due to the busy lifestyle there are more and more instances were both members of a family are working. This has led to people consuming more ready to eat food products. Many of the European countries face severe winters which makes them stock food ingredients for the duration of the winter. Due to globalization people are getting exposed to different types of cuisine. This has given a boost to food and beverage industries were our products are used. In The Middle East the spices and herbs used in cooking are quite similar to that of India and hence a huge market for us. Effect of impact: Positive Degree of impact: Moderate Forecast for future: As people are getting exposed to different cultures and cuisines as well as migration of people from one part of the world to another food habits and tastes are evolving. Indian food especially the chicken curry has become a house hold dish in UK and Europe and hopefully around the world. We see demand for our products to be stable in the near future. 2. 4 Technological Factors It is an aspect which is rapidly gaining in importance. Many a times due to lack of technological advancement in our agricultural and food processing technology we lose out on final product and quality. This make Indian goods costlier as there are more wastages during the various processes. Also, the care that needs to be taken post-harvest is improper due to which Indian food products fail to meet the micro- biological specifications of many importing countries. Technology is a major macro-environmental variable which has influenced the development of many of our products. The improvement in food processing and packaging technology has helped to us to get faster production as well as maintain quality. Although this area still requires a lot of improvement. More and more countries are putting strict micro biological parameters for food products which is making exports difficult to these countries. We require to rapidly adapt to new technologies such as steam sterilization treatment of food products and stricter implementation of laws against the use of banned pesticides which are still being used for farming. Effect of impact: Negative Degree of impact: High Forecast for future: In future if our agricultural techniques and post-harvest practices are not modernized then our agricultural output as well as global competitiveness of our food products will be severely affected. China by using collective farming and modern technology has managed to increase its yield per hectare and has gained grounds in markets were India used to be strong. Same is the case in Cashew industry where with mechanization the Vietnamese are fast catching up with the Indians. 2. 5 Environmental Factors As we are into agro-commodities the monsoon plays crucial role in our business. As Indian agriculture is heavily rain dependent this is one factor which we have no control over. This phenomenon is not just specific to India but the world over due to the effect of El-Nino in the pacific and La-Nina in Asia the weather patterns are changing. This has led to heavy flooding in some parts of the world and soaring temperatures and drought in other parts leading to destruction of crops. Effect of impact: Neutral Degree of impact: High Forecast for future: These factors are all external in nature and one has to take them in stride. It is not possible to do much forecasting in these matters. 2. 6 Legislative Factors These are mainly macro environmental variables which affect our business. Nowadays there is more and more legislation towards non-tariff barriers as developed countries while using mechanization / packaging are not price competitive vis-a-vis developing economies. Therefore more and more legislation is done to protect their industry. Effect of impact: Neutral Degree of impact: High Forecast for future: These factors are all external in nature and one has to take them in stride. It is not possible to do much forecasting in these matters. 2. 7 Ethics: Good trade practices are pre-requisite for any business to have longevity. We at Deepkamal Exports Pvt. Ltd believe that our adherence to ethical practices has helped us to reach wherever we are. In future also it will be our endeavor to stick to ethical practices in our endeavor to grow into large organization keeping in mind the welfare of all the stakeholders. By stakeholders we mean not only the customers but also the supplier, employees and all others involved in our business.

History of Adhesives and Glue

History of Adhesives and Glue Archeologists excavating burial sites from 4000 BC have discovered clay pots repaired with glue made from tree sap. We know that the ancient Greeks developed adhesives for use in carpentry, and created recipes for glue that included the following items as ingredients: egg whites, blood, bones, milk, cheese, vegetables, and grains. Tar and beeswax were used by the Romans for glue. Around 1750, the first glue or adhesive patent was issued in Britain. The glue was made from fish. Patents were then rapidly issued for adhesives using natural rubber, animal bones, fish, starch, milk protein or casein. Superglue - Synthetic Glue Superglue or Krazy Glue is a substance called cyanoacrylate that was discovered by Dr. Harry Coover while working for Kodak Research Laboratories to develop an optically clear plastic for gunsights in 1942. Coover rejected cyanoacrylate because it was too sticky. In 1951, cyanoacrylate was rediscovered by Coover and Dr. Fred Joyner. Coover was now supervising research at the Eastman Company in Tennessee. Coover and Joyner were researching a heat-resistant acrylate polymer for jet canopies when Joyner spread a film of ethyl cyanoacrylate between refractometer prisms and discovered that the prisms were glued together. Coover finally realized that cyanoacrylate was a useful product and in 1958 the Eastman compound #910 was marketed and later packaged as superglue. Hot Glue - Thermoplastic Glue Hot glue or hot melt adhesives are thermoplastics that are applied hot (often using glue guns) and then harden as they cool. Hot glue and glue guns are commonly used for arts and crafts because of the wide range of materials that hot glue can stick together. Procter Gamble chemical and packaging engineer, Paul Cope invented thermoplastic glue around 1940 as an improvement to water-based adhesives that were failing in humid climates. This to That A nifty site that tells you what to use to glue anything to anything else. Read the trivia section for historical information. According to the â€Å"This to That† website, the famous cow used as the trademark on all Elmer’s glue products is actually named Elsie, and she is the spouse of Elmer, the bull (male cow) who the company is named after.

How to Implement OnCreate Event for Delphi TFrame Object

How to Implement OnCreate Event for Delphi TFrame Object TFrame is a container for components; it can be nested within forms or other frames. A frame, like a form, is a container for other components. Frames can be nested within forms or other frames, and they can be saved on the Component palette for easy reuse. Missing OnCreate Once you start using frames, youll note theres no OnCreate event you can use to initialize your frames. In short, the reason that a frame does not have a OnCreate event is there is no good time to fire the event. However, by overriding the Create method you can mimic the OnCreate event. After all, the OnCreate for Forms gets fired at the end of the Create constructor - so overriding Create for Frames is as having the OnCreate event. Heres the source code of a simple frame exposing a public property and overriding the Create constructor: unit WebNavigatorUnit;interface uses   Ã‚  Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes,   Ã‚  Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls; type   Ã‚  TWebNavigatorFrame class(TFrame)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  urlEdit: TEdit;  Ã‚  private   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  fURL: string;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  procedure SetURL(const Value: string) ;  Ã‚  public   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  constructor Create(AOwner: TComponent) ; override;  Ã‚  published   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  property URL : string read fURL write SetURL;  Ã‚  end;implementation{$R *.dfm} constructor TWebNavigatorFrame.Create(AOwner: TComponent) ;begin   Ã‚  inherited Create(AOwner) ;   //OnCreate code   Ã‚  URL : http://delphi.about.com; end;procedure TWebNavigatorFrame.SetURL(const Value: string) ;begin   Ã‚  fURL : Value;   Ã‚  urlEdit.Text : Value; end;end. The WebNavigatorFrame acts as a website launcher hosting an edit and a button control. Note: if you are new to frames, make sure you read the following two articles: visual component development using frames, replacing tabsheets with frames.

Health Article Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health - Article Example It is also important to know that sexual health is affected by socio-economic and political factors. The physical factors include chronic illnesses and even medical treatment that hinders the sexual functioning of the human being. These also include sexually related diseases such as STIs/ HIV and reproductive tract infections. Infertility also contributes to sexual health problem. And this does not only serve as a physical factor but also emotional and mental. Among the mental factors, mental incapacity hinders us in achieving optimum sexual health. Retardation as a hindrance, have an effect on the sexual urges and the perceptions of a person suffering from mental retardation on sexuality. Anxiety and fear on the other hand is a by-factor of sexual coercions like rape and molestations. When anxiety is developed, a person looks at sexual relationship as a non-gratifying behaviour. When this happens, a person's sexual health is at risk. Social factors on the other hand go beyond medical concerns. These include sexual awareness leading to unwanted pregnancies, which can also have disturbing effects on the health of the women. It may also be linked with sexual coercion. Limited knowledge on safe sex also hinders general sexual health.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 33

Case Study Example Britt might be compelled by the culture in the company, as informed by Sue, regarding the information provided by George. In the case, George is willing to disclose and use insider information for the company to present a winning bid, probably at a fee. The returns of the act might be big, but the acts of ensuring the tender wins are unethical. In this regard, Britt is entitled to at ethically, and avoid getting involved in the acts. As a matter of fact and responsibility, she is supposed to disclose such information to the management. The hardest part would be such disclosure as the ethical misdemeanor is led by the team leader, whilst the management can compromise such information to get the tender. Notwithstanding, Britt should go ahead and do the right thing, hoping for the best possible response from the company. As an ethics officer, it is vital to discuss the belief of discussing a pending proposal with a decision making team. The issue is hard to tackle, but very vital and relevant to the parties, as it tries to curb future malpractices. Ethical malpractices if discovered may make a company less appealing to the essential stakeholders, making it lose profitability. One way of communicating the issue to the firm is by engaging the workers in a one on one discussion. As an officer, one can approach the employees on a personal basis and enlighten them on the ills on such a behavior. The officer can research for various cases that negatively affected other companies and effects on individuals of such companies. Such information will be vital in ensuring that the employees are conversant with challenges of unethical practices and thus try to refrain from the same. Another practical way of ensuring that the employees of such a firm are addressed on the issue is organizing conferences. Such conferences should be well tailored to handle ethical issues and if necessary other issues on good corporate responsibilities. Such a move, even though initiated by an

Video game controversy Essay Example for Free

Video game controversy Essay Technology has (had) come a long way since the early years of life. The use of technology to humans, is to enhance or improve whatever it may be to have a much quicker advancement or have a better and easy going lifestyle. But in the more recent years, technology has turned for the worst. Specifically speaking, video games. Video games in its early years were meant for a positive use, much like any other type of game; to simply act as a fun activity to pass time. That is not the case anymore because of how dangerously advanced and addicting video games can be. In fact it’s so dangerous nowadays that countries like South Korea are contemplating whether or not to ban video games. Why is it dangerous? Video games influence a type of negative social behavior, has a direct correlation to the cause of Insomnia, and is relevant to the increasing obesity rates in America. Playing video games can lead to many negative effects on a person. Video Games influence a type of negative social behavior. â€Å"The effects of videophilia are substantial and include obesity, attention disorders, lack of socialization and poor academic performance† (Video Game Addiction). The person (game player) may lose social skills and qualities depending on the level of video game addiction. Usually, the player is spending so much time on the game that he/ she is neglecting other areas of life. A common sign of video game addiction is constantly talking about the game almost constantly. â€Å" It is more likely to talk down upon a peer after a violent video game session† (Tiret). These types of social skills are not acceptable to continuously practice. The people that talk down on peers because of the violent video game session could go into depression or anxiety because of what others say or think about them. Young Children love playing rated M 18+ games that contain violence and other profound content (Parks). â€Å" the more time children and teens spend playing violent video games the more likely they are to display aggressive behavior† (Tiret). The more violent the game is, the more violent the player will be. It’s morally wrong to be mean for absolutely no reason towards other human beings. The effects on aggressive behavior can be long lasting (Tiret). A build up in anger is not healthy. If the constant aggression keeps up, the aggressive person will be ostracized by classmates or friends. Insomnia is easily caused by the lack of sleep, which is a common symptom of a video game addict. â€Å"Studies have shown that people deprived of contact with nature were at greater risk of depression and anxiety† (Wilderness Adventure). â€Å"In a study by Breslau and associates, patients with insomnia were nearly 4 times more likely to suffer major depression than those without insomnia† (Johnston). A depressed person will look at everything negatively and have no motivation to go outside. The person may even view his/ her life not even worth living. Stress and depression can be caused by a variety of things resulting in insomnia. Stress may be caused by hours on the computer playing a game without rest. Depression may hit the person, depending on intimacy with the video game, once he/she loses a lot. â€Å" insomnia and its associated daytime sleepiness had significant negative effects on cognitive functioning and impaired their subjects’ ability to perform ordinary tasks† (Johnston). â€Å"Excessive Sleepiness has been linked to learning disabilities in children and cognitive and memory problems in adults† (Johnston). If this keeps up then the next generations will become less capable than the ones before which shouldn’t happen. Remembering what you ate for breakfast will be very difficult. â€Å"Poor sleep hygiene includes an irregular sleep schedule, stimulating activities before bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mayo Clinic). The ‘stimulating activities’ could translate into playing video games before you sleep. The effects of the stimulating activities causes the person to stay awake longer in bed. Some argue video games can be healthy to a person. One of the biggest positive effects video games can have on a person is the fact that makes people happy. As a result, video games have become an easy scapegoat for numerous violent tendencies and social behaviors. Video games are indeed a scapegoat, but it doesn’t hide the fact that the people who play these games as a scapegoat are neglecting themselves from the real world. These people will not get to experience what it’s really like in the real world. Based on solid scientific evidence, video games may actually fill basic human needs that the real world fails to satisfy (Shapiro). This applies to people who have social anxieties causing these people to refrain from the outside even more. The people are not completely solving their problems, only temporarily. It is not the game’s fault for these negative effects. There are millions who play the game and don’t go out and do the negatively portrayed actions on the news. The criminals mention the games’ names and blame the games. Violent games are very influential on a person. â€Å"Reality is too complicated to blame playings games, moving pictures, or letters on a page† (Parks). Games are where people get ideas from. Life is commonly sealed into one perception for a person, and curiosity comes from ideas that have never been heard of before. Addiction of video games can easily lead into obesity which is a dangerous and lethal disease. Video games create an obstacle for children. â€Å"Children today spend an average of 6 hours each day in front of the computer and TV, but less than 4 minutes a day in instructed outdoor play† (Wilderness Adventure). There is an extreme amount of physical inactivity. The calories are not burned which turn into fat later on. â€Å"Getting less than seven hours of sleep a night can cause changes in hormones that increase your appetite† (Mayo Clinic). Less sleep IS a vital cause of obesity. Eating most of your calories at night contributes to weight gain. â€Å"Overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths worldwide than underweight† (WHO). Being overweight and obese brings cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and even some cancers. The obese people are not outside and running which leads into no training for the cardiovascular system. While playing video games, gamers do not pay attention to what they eat which could lead into a massive buildup of diabetes. â€Å"More than 40 million children under the age of five were overweight in 2011† (WHO). 41% of certain cancer burdens are attributable to overweight and obesity. Children who play video games fit into this category. The topic of video games being perceived as a positive thing today is growing out of hand. It’s like spreading a humongous lie to gullible innocents. Affecting social behavior in a negative manner, causing obesity, and developing insomnia are serious matters. The negative effects of playing video games are severe and the idea of playing video games should not be taken lightly.

George Lopez Essay -- Media Television TV

The television show, George Lopez, is a series in which Latinos make up the entire cast of the family. It takes place in the present day Los Angeles and focuses on a family and their daily lifestyle. This is one of two television shows that are directed to the English speaking population that has the Latino minority as the main ethnicity of the cast. Only 4% of Hispanics make up the cast of prime-time television shows, a miniscule amount considering that Hispanic-Americans are the largest minority group in the US. The ways in which minorities are portrayed in the show have their good aspects as well as bad aspects. This is to be expected since showing all good points or all the bad points isn't a fair perspective of the Latino population. As a show that points out a minority, its necessary to look as the good as well as the bad to find if it is actually a optimistic view of the race or a pessimistic one. The positives shown in The George Lopez Show are demonstrated by the members of the family in many different ways. The main character George, was promoted to plant manager of an L.A. airplane parts factory in the beginning of the series. He also receives an award for excellence in business management later on in the series. These represent the success of a Latino man. In one episode, when George finds out that one of his son's friends is having a rough home life, he makes arrangement for someone to take him in and take care of him until his home is safe enough for him to reside in. This show's how human and how caring he towards others as well as his family. When his son, Max, needs help with his baseball skills in another episode, George shows that he is a devoted father and works tirelessly on improving his son's skills. ... ... Show† properly portraying Hispanic Americans in this country? Or is it just hopeful thinking on the part of Mr. Lopez on what he hopes will change (Porter, 2002)? It is true that â€Å"The George Lopez Show† does not stoop to the usual levels of stereotyping Hispanics as lazy or gang members (Morales, 2002). For the most part the show does a good job in portraying Hispanics in a non stereotypical way, however, the way that certain characters on the show talk, such as the mother and the brother, are very much the stereotypical Mexican dialect. Also, Lopez’s children are extremely lazy, which is stereotypical of the Hispanic culture, although its also very abundant in teenage culture too (Morales, 2002). The â€Å"George Lopez Show† has been very successful up until now in starting to remove the typical Mexican stereotypes in America, but it still has a long way to go.

DHL Company Essay

DHL is a laregest company in the world founded by Andrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn in San Francisco 1969, and DHL is part of the Deutsche Post DHL group brand with a vision to become â€Å"the logistics company for the world†. DHL promise to customers is to provide simplifying services and sustainable solutions and to always demonstrate respect without compromising on results. Branding is the most effective DHLs factors of any business whether large or small, retail or business-to-business. An effective brand strategy gives a major edge in increasing competitive markets. DHL is international company in the world by present in over 220 countries and territories across the globe. For its contributions in past 40 years, DHL has become the global leader of the international express and logistics industry to solve the customer fulfill needed and want. 1. Do you think DHL’s branding strategies are suitable for the 21st century? Why or Why not? DHL’s branding strategies are suitable for the 21st century because is the age of modern technologies and namely information technologies. Technology environment is vital part of every business that rapidly moves of forward. DHL try to adapt the changes and make work in their customer favor. Now people run of time and final product must delivered in safely. The DHL brand stands for personal commitment, proactive solutions and local strength worldwide. DHL has been synonymous with fast, reliable express and forwarding services around the world. Depending on its deep understand of global internet and local market, DHL provides professional service in express, air freight and ocean shipping, ground transportation and international postal service areas. DHL and encompasses four divisions to serve customers. i) DHL Express: DHL Express transports urgent documents and goods reliably and time from door-to-door in more than 220 countries and territories and operates the most comprehensive global express network. DHL Express also provide courier and express services to business and private customers. The principles of providing a fast and focused express service, without losing sight of the importance of human touch, remains unchanged. The need to meet the hugely differing demands of local and global markets. DHL created a service that offers a choice of Time Definition and Day Definition delivery options together with a range of Same Day possibilities. ii) DHL Supply Chain CIS: supply chain is global market leader in contract logistics, providing warehousing, managed transport and value-added services and offers solutions for corporate information and communications management. DHL try to solve customer problem, they try to listen and identify growth objective, key customers, profitability goals, competitive issues. iii) Global Forwarding, Freight: are divided by rail, road, air, and sea to carry goods. In its daily business DHL Global Forwarding takes care of a variety of customers’ logistics needs from standardized logistics operations and multi-modal transport solutions to highly individualized industrial projects. Today, worldwide leader in air freight forwarding with more than 10% of the market. And international No.1 in ocean freight. iv) Global mail: DHL international global mail expert in providing customized solutions for your mail and business to business parcels by maintaining one of the world’s largest delivery network. Largest network for international mail dispatch, offering customers complete dispatch solutions for all international mail services from a single source, with direct links to more 200 countries. 35 sales offices and 40 production centre worldwide. Numerous cross-border solutions for customers mail shipments and just objective their satisfaction. The changing pace of globalization and the selling power of the internet now enable our customers to develop business connections around the world at any time, serve the customer and break into new market. To get trust from customer, DHL proven track record system to ensure maintain the high delivery performance standards to customers expect from a company. 2. Evaluate the effectiveness of THREE (3) tires strategies for their customers. How this strategy does help them in future to sustain their market positing? Do you have any other better idea that can help DHL? DHL try to know the customer life cycle deeply, DHL segments its customer different groups. According to different customer needs, customer segmented as strategic customer, long-term relationship customer and normal customer. Strategic customer is someone who has large amounts of logistics needs or  complex supply chain requires. Tier 1 – top customers, managed by Global Customer Solutions (GCS) globally DHL develops strong customer relationship to understand and know customer views. By greats understanding of customer, the company can adapt the specific service to fulfill customer needs. Usually, DHL Company always finishes their service optimally due to its excellent personal approach. DHL see to its that customer’s goods get to their final destination with maximum reliability. DHL try to attracting new customer but still to focused on old customer’s need to prevent losing those customers. In addition, the Global Customer Solutions which is launched for top 100 customers also make a great contribution to company and customer to create win-win situation. Tier 2 – other multinational customers, managed by individual business units globally The leading companies devise and evaluate their marketing strategy to survive and keep up with rapid transformations in dynamic and competitive environment. Along with the globalization and the development of technologies, more and more companies have to realized how complex the competitive situation is today. To respond to the highly competitive environment, DHL companies have to look for an approach to develop themselves from â€Å"inside† and â€Å"outside†. Tier 3 – thousand of local customers, managed by individual business units locally. As the biggest logistics company, the main service of DHL is to deliver goods or mails all over the world. DHL staff can speak local language to ensure the communication between customer and them is easy. 3. How do you assess DHL’s approaches to increasing globalization? What would be the main challenges for DHL in 21st century due to the Globalization? As a manager of DHL, how do you anticipate these challenges? Justify.

Demonstrative Communication Which Includes Nonverbal and Unwritten Communication Essay

Demonstrative Communication is a type of communication that observes non verbal cues. Examples of non-verbal cues include tone of voice, facial expressions, and body language. Demonstrative communication is one where gestures are employed. Better known as non-verbal communication, it deals with the sending and receiving of messages. Demonstrative communication can be formatted by one’s body language, written language, and some non verbal communication that can cause the main point of observe sing the key words of communication which deals with grasping the tone, facial expressions, voice communication which is the main part of communication. When interring the wrong concepts of communication that we all call listen which we do not when it comes to communication. Listen is a nonverbal communication which we all take as misunderstand of communication when sending, and receiving the main point of a message. Demonstrative communication can be ways of success by how well a person communicate with one’s views, and how people use their verbal, or nonverbal communication. The message of demonstrative communication encounters a person’s thoughts of communication that involves the way a person gasps the main points of the sender and the receiver. People have their own ways of processing one’s examples of communication such as listening; asking question to what is verbal or nonverbal of the sender and the receiver. Views has to be very sure of what the sender has produce of the main point of the message, and how well the receiver has listening to the meaning of the message to ensure that there is no misunderstanding of the concepts of the message. Receivers and senders can have positive, and negative meaning of how a message is giving and received because the sender who is producing the message can give some mislead information and the receiver can be mislead also by the wrong information. Using your body sing can also give off wrong sing of the way a person sending a message across to the receiver. The main and most important body sing a person can use when giving a direct message is eye contact so That the views are taken you serially about the most important message of what you are saying.

Free Essays on Ancient Rome, Compared With Early Modern Europe

Ancient Rome, Compared With Early Modern Europe Throughout history, we have seen the rise and fall of incredible civilizations, societies and ideas. As the Romans prevailed over Europe for one thousand years (from roughly 500 BC to 500 AD), the early modern Europeans from about the 1400's to the 1800's put forward some ideas which were key in the development of our modern world. Had Europe progressed considerably one thousand years after the fall of the Roman Empire? This essay will examine this debated issue by establishing and comparing daily life in both societies. Due to the fact that marriage was an important political aspect in ancient Rome and that no religious beliefs prevented divorce, it was common for the marriage of aristocrats to be dissolved. Couples could separate for personal or political reasons. Augustus demanded that Tiberius divorce his wife and marry his widowed daughter Julia instead. "Among lower class people who had no political affiliation, the divorce rate was probably lower."1 Romans seemed to view marriage as more of an arrangement then a romantic fulfilment. Women were encouraged to stay married since strict laws would award the custody of the children to the husbands in case of divorce. Augustus was bothered by the marriage patterns of the aristocrats due to its effect on the birthrate and the image of Rome. Augustus therefore passed a series of laws which made divorce, adultery and bachelorhood extremely distasteful. These laws brought unhappiness to his own family when his daughter and granddaughter committed adul tery. Roman families were generally small. The aristocrats worried about the chance for their offspring to hold public office and the inheritance which they would receive. Even lower income families seemed to have few children. Low fertility, high infant mortality, 1. RichardGreaves et al. Civilizations of the West. (N.Y.:Addison-Wesley, 1997) p. 160. the exposure of unwan... Free Essays on Ancient Rome, Compared With Early Modern Europe Free Essays on Ancient Rome, Compared With Early Modern Europe Ancient Rome, Compared With Early Modern Europe Throughout history, we have seen the rise and fall of incredible civilizations, societies and ideas. As the Romans prevailed over Europe for one thousand years (from roughly 500 BC to 500 AD), the early modern Europeans from about the 1400's to the 1800's put forward some ideas which were key in the development of our modern world. Had Europe progressed considerably one thousand years after the fall of the Roman Empire? This essay will examine this debated issue by establishing and comparing daily life in both societies. Due to the fact that marriage was an important political aspect in ancient Rome and that no religious beliefs prevented divorce, it was common for the marriage of aristocrats to be dissolved. Couples could separate for personal or political reasons. Augustus demanded that Tiberius divorce his wife and marry his widowed daughter Julia instead. "Among lower class people who had no political affiliation, the divorce rate was probably lower."1 Romans seemed to view marriage as more of an arrangement then a romantic fulfilment. Women were encouraged to stay married since strict laws would award the custody of the children to the husbands in case of divorce. Augustus was bothered by the marriage patterns of the aristocrats due to its effect on the birthrate and the image of Rome. Augustus therefore passed a series of laws which made divorce, adultery and bachelorhood extremely distasteful. These laws brought unhappiness to his own family when his daughter and granddaughter committed adul tery. Roman families were generally small. The aristocrats worried about the chance for their offspring to hold public office and the inheritance which they would receive. Even lower income families seemed to have few children. Low fertility, high infant mortality, 1. RichardGreaves et al. Civilizations of the West. (N.Y.:Addison-Wesley, 1997) p. 160. the exposure of unwan...

Words for Extreme Weather Events

Words for Extreme Weather Events Words for Extreme Weather Events Words for Extreme Weather Events By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between a hurricane, a typhoon, and a tropical storm? The first two types of weather events are cyclones that sustain surface winds of at least 74 miles per hour- faster than virtually any highway speed limit in the United States. The term â€Å"tropical storm† refers to a degraded hurricane or typhoon. And why are there separate designations for hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones, which are essentially identical weather events? Hurricanes are storms that develop east of the International Date Line, which runs north to south through the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Hurricane is derived from the aboriginal Taino language’s word hurakn, which was borrowed into Spanish as huracn and thence into English. Taino was spoken throughout the islands of the Caribbean Sea, so it is natural that the language would inspire present-day usage. (A number of other words survive by assimilation from that dead language into English, including barbecue, hammock, and tobacco.) Typhoon, by contrast, stems from Greek, although it refers primarily to storms occurring in the vicinity of China and the Philippines, on the other side of the International Date Line. What’s the connection? The Greek term typhon was appropriated by the Arabs and thence found its way into Chinese, influenced by a similar-sounding Chinese word for â€Å"big wind.† And cyclone, also from Greek (ultimately from kyklos, also the origin of circle and cycle), is used popularly in the South Pacific Ocean, though scientists worldwide use the term when speaking or writing in English. Why do we capitalize names of hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical storms, and why are they assigned people’s first names? These are conventions established in the early 1950s by the scientific community to distinguish between two or more weather events occurring at or near the same time. (For the first quarter-century, only female names were used, following an alphabetized list. Starting in 1978, male names were used as well.) The tradition of assigning personal names to severe storms actually goes back hundreds of years, however; Caribbean hurricanes were named after saints based on which saint’s day the storm occurred, and the assignment of women’s names dates to the late nineteenth century. Some eighty names have, because of the catastrophic severity of the event, been retired from the list, an average of more than one a year; in 2005, Hurricane Katrina was only one of five storms whose names were retired because of the especially devastating nature of the storm. The score given to quantify a hurricane’s strength is also capitalized; the highest level is Category 5. Todays YouTube video: Inquire vs. Enquire Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtCapitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsHow Long Should a Synopsis Be?

Financial Markets and Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Markets and Risk - Essay Example The long term savings and investment products offered by banks and NBFI’s are mostly life assurance, pensions and other investment products such as fixed deposits with a long term maturity. Fixed deposits are time deposits which give a higher interest rate than the normal demand deposits. Pension products are aimed at meeting the retirement needs of investors wherein a lump sum amount is given to the investor which is accrued over the years. Investing in bonds (government and corporate) is another option where there is more safety even though the returns may be comparatively less. Some banks and many NBFI’s provide platform to invest in mutual funds also. II. Implications for individual savers and investors of a significant increase in the general interest rates. The most visible effect due to the increase in interest rates is on the loans borrowed and deposits made by individuals. An increase in interest rate means increase in the repo rates of banks. This will result in an increase in the mortgage loans’ interest as well as other loans and debts like credit card debt. The increase in interest rate on loans will force the individuals who already borrowed the loans to pay more on the interest and this will lead to fewer savings. Those who had plans to borrow loan will postpone the same in order to be relieved of the extra burden of higher interest repayment. Another aspect is with the timing preference of making deposit. Since the interest rate is high, the return on investment from banks in the form of deposits will also be high which will prompt the individuals to make more investments out of their savings. Exchange rate changes can also be an effect of interest rate change. When the interest rate increases, there will be more inflow of foreign money in the form of FIIs. This will lead to an increase in the value of the domestic currency. The implications are that, the individuals who invested in foreign currency will see their value of i nvestment come down in terms of domestic currency due to the decrease in value of the foreign currency, other factors remaining the same. Also this will make imported goods relatively cheaper to the domestic buyers which in turn force the domestic producers to reduce their products’ price which means more savings for the individual. Rise in interest rates will also affect stock and securities like bonds. When interest rate rises, the price of existing bond falls. This is because investors can get higher rates on newly issued bonds. A rising interest rate may affect the stock market also because 1) investors will turn to buy bonds as they give better yield, 2) investors need to pay more to borrow money and spend them, which will lead to a slump in the growth of many companies which produce consumer goods. III. Risks to commercial banks of a significant rise in general interest rates. All banks face interest rate risks. Changes in interest rate can reduce a bank’s earnin gs and lower its net worth. Interest rate risk is defined as the volatility in earnings or the value of a financial institution owing to unexpected changes in interest rates. â€Å"The chief source of interest rate risk is the mismatched re-pricing of a financial intermediary’s assets and liabilities.†

Literary analysis focusing one of the schools of criticism discussed Essay

Literary analysis focusing one of the schools of criticism discussed in class in relation to a selected film or television production - Essay Example However, the personal fight of Wallace, to be expounded later on, is intertwined with the social conditions presented. At the start of the film, King Edward I, a.k.a. Longshanks, of England has invaded the Scotland (Braveheart). Alongside this condition is the commission of treachery on the part of Longshanks who persecuted several people, including the parents of Wallace (Braveheart). However, Wallace survives and is taken to foreign land where he is educated through the aid of his uncle. However, Wallace will have a love affair with his childhood, who will be the cause of the strife in Scotland that will eventually led to a revolution. This will then divide the land into factions, which will engage in a fight to free Scotland from the grasps of the English conquerors. However, Wallace will die later on and someone will follow his footsteps, rebelling again to gain freedom from the rule of Englishmen. Robert, the Bruce, shall carry this on as the Scottish King. This is then a continuation of legacy. Aside from such continuation, there is a certain pedigree of dissent present from the instigators of the rebellion. It is unavoidable that bloodshed will happen but with a purpose. In this case, the most common thing that can be seen is opposing forces: binaries of some sort. The Englishmen are the ones considered as oppressors since they are the ones who have the power to conquer lands and dominate people. On the other hand, the Scottish people are the ones who appear as the oppressed in the film due to the subjugation made by the Englishmen. The abuses and killings made signify the injustice and abuses perpetuated as it appeared on the film. However, it can be considered that the representations of the film are not accurate and purely referential to history, which is not totally clear about the message it wants (De Man 184). Thus, the film

Do something Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Do something - Term Paper Example Nevertheless, the organization faces significant challenges including raising enough funds for the smooth running of its activities, and commanding a global outreach. Despite this, the organization’s board of directors, the advisory board, and other well-wishers continue working around the clock to ensure the organization achieves its objectives (DoSomething, 2015). The main aim of this organization is to ensure social change and equity in the society. In addition, the organization aims at transforming people’s views about the need to care for the environment in which they live. The organization believes that bringing such a change will form the basis of a bright future for upcoming generations. The organization also aims at involving people across the globe in driving this change. DoSomething.org especially believes in utilizing the enormous power of the youth through campaigns in driving social change for a bright future (DoSomething, 2015). The marketing goals of DoSomething.org include mobilizing people through different social media platforms to join a cause for the positive transformation of the society. The organization believes involving people from various backgrounds and cultures will help in bringing in innovative solutions to the various social challenges facing the society. The organization seeks to increase the interest from various corporations and other well-wishers in supporting its campaigns. On the part of corporations, DoSomething.org aims at increasing the level of involvement of different corporations in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. DoSomething.org also aims at increasing its brand equity as a reputable non-profit making organization across the globe. The organization believes that such a reputation will serve as a basis of making it attractive to potential volunteers and other well-wishers (DoSomething, 2015). The organization has well-trained

Organizational Decoupling Processes and Causes

Organizational Decoupling Processes and Causes The field of organizational decoupling is a field that has not been researched very much. Meyer and Rowan (1977) were some of the first authors who wrote about this subject and define organizational decoupling as separating formal structure from actual organizational practice. In short, this means that organizations say that they do one thing, but actually do something else. For instance, an organization can announce that it will start a stock repurchase program. The organization can announce that it will repurchase a certain amount of stocks but actually repurchase much less stocks or dont repurchase them at all (Westphal Zajac, 2001). In this particular example the organization decouples what it says it is going to do, with what it actually does. Thus, the organization separates formal procedures (formal structure) from practice. So organizations seem to decouple their structure from actual practice, but why? Why do organizations try to fool other organizations, clients, customers and possibly even themselves? I argue that the main problem is legitimacy, and by exploring organizations quest for legitimacy and the problems they might encounter along the way, this research tries to map the main causes for organizational decoupling and thus give an answer to the following research question: What are the main causes of organizational decoupling? This research consists of a step-by-step overview of the entire process underlying decoupling. Four steps will be taken to explore and explain why organizations decouple their formal procedures (formal structure) from practice. Namely, 1) looking at the context of organizations and their search for legitimacy, 2) looking at problems organizations might encounter while searching for legitimacy 3) identifying the problem that is supported to be the prime cause of decoupling and 4) looking at organizational reactions to these problems (using decoupling) to connect the causes the action (problems to decoupling). These three steps will be discussed in three paragraphs and each paragraph consists of a review of existing literature from different authors about the decoupling process. Figure 1.1 shows the conceptual model sketching the process underlying decoupling. This model is divided into theory and propositions. The theory section shows which concepts form the theory behind the proposit ions and the propositions section shows which propositions are extracted from the theory. These propositions will form the core of this research. Research Structure The first step in the research is to take a look at the context of organizations and their quest for legitimacy. Organizations are embedded into institutional environments, meaning that the environment expects something of these organizations (Boxembaum Jonsson, 2008). There are certain norms, values and rules that organizations are being expected to act upon. Organizations have to conform to these expectations to gain legitimacy and this is the one goal all organizations have. They have to be legitimate to operate, survive, gain control over resources and create stability (Meyer Rowan, 1977; Boxenbaum Jonsson, 2008). For organizations, expectations are being experienced as pressures to conform. Therefore, this research will use the term environmental pressures to refer to these expectations. However, using the term environmental pressure sketches an image that is too vague and incomplete. Therefore this research divides environmental pressures into normative pressures and coercive pressures (Dimaggio Powel, 1983/2000). The term normative pressures refers to the expectations of the public or the cultural audience. These are the people and other organizations that form society and expect organizations to behave in a certain way and to conform to moral norms and values. It is important to keep in mind that it is not illegal to disregard these expectations; they are social guidelines, not laws. Nonetheless organizations have to conform to these expectations to stay legitimate (Boxenbaum Jonsson, 2008; and others). Coercive pressures however do consist of laws. In some situations organizations have to conform to certain laws that are being imposed by the government and this creates a pressure to conform. Organizations must conform because disobedience is illegal and illegitimate (Edelman, 1992). The second step in finding the answer to why organizations decouple their formal procedures (formal structure) from practice lies in the problems organizations might encounter while pursuing legitimacy. This paper categorizes three different problems that might rise when organizations try to gain legitimacy by conforming to environmental pressures, namely: 1) organizations might encounter a misfit between the expectations of their environments and their practices (Meyer Rowan, 1977); 2) some organizations might encounter an inability to conform to the coercive and normative pressures (Oliver, 1991); and 3) in some cases what an organization is being expected to do is in conflict with the interests of the organization as a whole or of individual managers (Edelman, 1992; Westphal Zajac, 2001; Fiss Zajac, 2006). The third step is to identify one of the three possible problems as the one that is the most important or most found cause of organizational decoupling. This step will eventually form an answer to the research question. The fourth step is the step where organizations actually decouple their formal structure from practice as a response to the problems that have arisen as a result of environmental pressures. This chapter will discuss different ways in which organizations use decoupling to solve problems and it illustrates some particular situations and approaches to the different problems that might arise while trying to be legitimate. This chapter functions as a bridge between the problems and the actual decoupling. Relevance of the Research Because organizations experience the struggle for legitimacy on a daily basis, and therefore have to cope with problems that arise as a result, this research might give organizations an insight in how to deal with these pressures and problem situations. Managers of organizations can use the knowledge in this research to come up with strategies that both suffice the need for legitimacy as well as the need for efficiency and pursuing organizational interests. The process underlying decoupling as illustrated in this research might also be used as a mean to gain legitimacy on its own. Because this research provides an insight into the reasons that organizations have to decouple their structure from practice, the public or cultural audience might come to a better understanding of the situation. They might understand that organizations sometimes have no other choice than to decouple and that the actions of organizations are actually quite legitimate, even if they are not considered to be at the moment. The knowledge provided in this research can also lead to further research on decoupling an form a basis for other researchers to start from because it tries to explain the core concept behind decoupling and to give an answer to the why question. Theoretical Framework Theory The aim of this research is to explore and explain the process underlying organizational decoupling and summarize the main causes. But what is organizational decoupling exactly? Meyer and Rowan (1977) define organizational decoupling as separating formal structure from actual organizational practice, meaning that organizations create an illusion of their activities (formal structure) but actually perform different activities (organizational practice). Many authors have used the term organizational decoupling but most of them refer to Meyer and Rowan as the founding fathers of this field of study and therefore this research will use the definition of organizational decoupling as given by them. The second important concept in this research is legitimacy. This research hypothesizes that organizations are on a quest for legitimacy and might encounter problems along the way. Legitimacy is therefore one of the core concepts and will be defined as a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions (Suchman, 1995, p. 574). This definition will be used in this research because Suchman (1995) includes the importance of the social audience in his definition. As mentioned earlier, the audience defines the social pressure that organizations experience and is therefore an important player in the process underlying decoupling, which in a way determines what is legitimate and what is not, and should therefore be included in the definition of legitimacy. The third concept as mentioned in the conceptual model (figure 1.1) is environmental pressure. Meyer and Rowan (1977) call this environmental pressure myths. According to them, institutional rules function as myths to which organizations have to conform to be legitimate. This research however does not use the term myths but the term environmental pressure, the definition however remains the same. As mentioned earlier this research separates environmental pressure into two different sub pressures: coercive pressure and normative pressure. Coercive pressure will be defined as the demand of the state or other large actors to adopt specific structures or practices, or else face sanctions (Dimaggio Powel, 1983/2000 in Boxenbaum Jonsson, 2008, p. 80). Normative pressure will be defined as what is widely considered a proper course of action, or even a moral duty (Suchman, 1995, in Boxenbaum Jonsson, 2008, p. 80). These two definitions are chosen because they both point out the important difference between the moral and legal background of the concepts. The definition of coercive pressures specifically points out the role of the state and the risk of facing sanctions. This expresses the legal background of the concept. On the other hand, the definition of normative pressure points out the role of the audience. This on its turn expresses the social background of the concept. Dimaggio and Powel (1983/2000) also mention a third pressure, namely mimetic pressure. These mimetic pressures are mainly caused by uncertainty. This uncertainty for organizations causes organizations to imitate other, successful organizations to reduce their own uncertainty. Even though the concept of mimetic pressures is a part of the pressure package of Dimaggio and Powel (1983/2000) it will not be used in this research. The reason for leaving mimetic pressures out of the research and include only coercive and normative pressures is that this research hypothesizes that conforming to certain en vironmental pressure causes problems. Mimetic pressures however do not cause but rather solve problems (uncertainty)(Dimaggio Powel, 1983/2000). Propositions This research also mentions three different problems that organizations might encounter while trying to be legitimate. The first are efficiency problems. These problems are defined as problems that might arise when organizations try to conform to environmental pressures, which actually are in conflict with efficiency criteria (Meyer Rowan, 1977). The second problem is the inability to conform to environmental pressures. This problem will be defined as a problem that might rise when an organization has inadequate resources or capacity to meet the requirements of conformity (Oliver, 1991). The third are conflicting organizational or managerial interest problems. These are problems that might rise when environmental pressures are in conflict with the organizational or managerial interests (Edelman, 1992; Westphal Zajac, 2001; Fiss Zajac, 2006). Based on these three possible problems three propositions are made: Proposition 1 Organizational decoupling is caused by efficiency problems. Proposition 2 Organizational decoupling is caused by the organizations inability to conform to environmental pressures. Proposition 3 Organizational decoupling is caused by conflicting organizational or managerial interests. Table 2.1 Concept Definitions Organizational decoupling Separating formal structures from actual organizational practice Legitimacy A generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions Environmental pressure Institutional rules function as environmental pressures to which organizations have to conform to be legitimate Coercive pressure The demand of the state or other large actors to adopt specific structures or practices, or else face sanctions Normative pressure What is widely considered a proper course of action, or even a moral duty Efficiency problems Problems that might arise when organizations try to conform to environmental pressures, which actually conflicts sharply with efficiency criteria Inability to conform to environmental pressures Problems that might arise when an organization has inadequate resources or capacity to meet the requirements of conformity Conflicting organizational or managerial interests Problems that might arise when environmental pressures are in conflict with the organizational or managerial interests Research design This research can be characterized as both a descriptive and an explanatory research. It is both descriptive and explanatory because the aim on one hand is to describe current mainstream findings of other researchers on organizational decoupling and on the other hand to explain the whole process underlying organizational decoupling. This chapter will describe the process of data collection and data analysis using a part of the guidelines for conducting a systematic literature review as suggested by Tranfield, Denyer and Smart (2003). According to them conducting a review can be divided into several phases (table 3.1). These phases will form the steps used in this research for both data collection and analysis. Phases in conducting a review (Tranfield, Denyer Smart, 2003) Phase 1 Identification of research Phase 2 Selection of Studies Phase 3 Study quality assessment Identification of Research This phase of the research is the actual start of the data collection. According to Tranfield, Denyer and Smart (2003) a systematic search begins with identifying keywords and search terms. As mentioned in chapter 2 (Theoretical Framework), this research contains several concepts, which again can be found in the conceptual model (figure 1.1). These concepts are the core of this research and therefore some of them will be used as keywords to find relevant articles and papers. The first string of keywords is as follows: 1) Decoupling; 2) Legitimacy; 3) Institutional pressures. Table 3.2 shows the number of articles found for each keyword. Number of articles found Decoupling 12.262 Legitimacy 8.199 Institutional pressures 1080 To make the keywords more specific and to make sure that the results of the search are narrowed down the following, more specific keywords were identified and some keywords were added to the string (see table 3.2 for argumentation): 1) Organi?ational decoupling; 2) Acquiring legitimacy; 3) Maintaining legitimacy; 4) Conformity + institutional pressures; 5) Symbolic management Keyword argumentation Organi?ational decoupling Adding organi?ational to the term Decoupling makes the term more specific and narrows down results The ? makes sure that both the English and the American spelling of the word are being checked for Acquiring legitimacy Adding Aquiring to the term Legitimacy makes sure that the search focuses on the organizations search for legitimacy and not just on legitimacy itself Maintaining legitimacy Adding Maintaining to the term Legitimacy makes sure that the search focuses on the organizations struggle to maintain legitimacy and not just on legitimacy itself Conformity + Institutional pressures The term Institutional pressures refers to the pressures that weigh upon organizations The term Conformity refers to the theory that organizations have to conform to certain pressures to be legitimate Symbolic management Decoupling is using symbols to show that your organization conforms to certain institutional pressures (myths) (Meyer Rowan, 1977)The use of these symbols as a management strategy is called symbolic management (Westphal Zajac, 1998; 2001) The main source of information will be the ISI Web of Knowledge. This database contains thousands of articles and papers, which can be found using the license of the University of Tilburg. Unfortunately this license only allows the search for articles that have been published in 1988 or later. However, for the first step in searching relevant literature this is not a reason for concern. Again, to narrow down the results of the research and to exclude irrelevant results, the search will be refined to the general category Social Sciences. This makes sure that the search results do not include findings in irrelevant categories such as Science and Technology and Arts and Humanities. Second, the subject areas of the search are also refined. The subject areas that are included in the search are Business and Economics, Sociology and Behavioral Sciences. An example of the exact syntax of the search command can be found in the appendix. Besides using search-strings, this research also used the technique of snowballing. This technique uses the literature references of articles and papers that might have been found using the search-strings. For instance, the paper of Meyer and Rowan (1977) is being referred to by almost every author in the field of organizational decoupling. However, this article does not pop up in the search results in the Web of Knowledge database because it was published before 1988. By using snowballing other relevant articles about the subject can be found. The result of using this technique is that the latter part of the literature used in this research was found in the literature references of the articles that were found by using the organi?ational decoupling search term. Selection of Studies After searching for articles a selection of relevant studies had to be made. This process consists of three steps: 1) scanning the titles 2) reading the abstracts of the studies found and 3) matching the content of the studies to this researchs concept. The first and second step give an indication of what the studies are about. The title says a lot about the content of a paper and the abstract of an article gives a short summary of what the author has found in his or her study and thus gives an indication of the usability for this research. The third step is actually a sort of analysis of the studies that have been marked as relevant and usable in the previous two steps. This step consists of actually reading the selected studies and mapping their contents. Mapping the contents of a article or paper that are relevant for this research is being done by using a summary table (see appendix 6.2). This table is an oversight of the different articles and papers, their authors and the main concepts of these studies. After reading all the relevant literature this table is used to divide the different studies into different categories. The different categories consist of the core concepts of this study as shown in figure 1.1 (conceptual model), namely: 1) legitimacy; 2) conforming to coercive pressures; 3) conforming to normative pressures; 4) efficiency problems; 5) inability to conform to environmental pressures; 6) conflicting organizational or managerial interests; and 7) implementing decoupling. Dividing the literature into these different categories makes it easier to link them together in this research and to formulate an answer to the research question. Study Quality Assessment The quality of this research will be guaranteed by checking the literature that is being used as data. By checking the literature for times cited the reliability and validity of the literature is being secured. The more a particular article or paper is cited by other authors, the higher the reliability and validity of this particular article or paper. However, this also means that the older articles seem to be more reliable. To overcome this bias articles of more recent years have also been taken in to account and have been checked for usability separately. Another method for improving the reliability of the research is to use theoretical triangulation. By looking at different theories, the concept of organizational decoupling will be explained in a reliable and multidimensional way. To guarantee that this research can be replicated and checked for inconsistencies or to extend it, every step of the research process is being recorded. Also, the systematic way of analyzing the data ensures both replicabillity and reliability. Results As mentioned earlier, this research consists of three steps in explaining the causes of organizational decoupling. These three steps are according to the conceptual model (figure 1.1) and try to explain the process underlying decoupling step-by-step and will be covered in the following paragraphs. Quest for Legitimacy Before we can point out which problems could cause decoupling we must first take a look at how these problems rise in the first place. The theory shows that organizations try to be legitimate and are thus on a quest for legitimacy. Acquiring and maintaining legitimacy is the most difficult task for most organizations (Elsbach Sutton, 1992; Pfeffer Salancik, 1978: 194). Nonetheless, organizations have to be legitimate to operate, survive, gain resources and create stability (Meyer and Rowan, 1977; Boxembaum Jonsson, 2008). So one of the main goals of organizations is to be legitimate, but how do organizations achieve this? Boxembaum and Jonsson (2008) argue that organizations are embedded into institutional environments. Being embedded into institutional environments means that this environment has certain expectations of the organizations. These expectations are being experienced as pressures, and organizations have to comply with these pressures to maintain legitimacy (Dimaggio Powel, 1983/2000; Monahan, 2006). These pressures can be either coercive or normative (Seidman, 1983; Dimaggio Powel, 1983/2000). Coercive pressures refer to environmental expectations such as, for instance, laws. The argument that organizations have to conform to coercive pressures is supported by the work of Tsoukas (1994) who argues that in some environments organizations have to conform to rules and institutions as imposed by the legal state. Normative pressures refer to norms and values about what is considered proper or normal (Suchman, 1995). In their work on educational organizations and ranking Sauder and Espeland (2009) write about the normative pressures that educational organizations have to conform to. According to them, educational organizations are being ranked according to their performance. Schools have to be the best of the best to survive and thus have to conform to todays ideas of what is considered good quality and bad quality. Problems Along the Way So in short, organizations try to be legitimate by conforming to both coercive and normative environmental pressures. Conforming to these environmental pressures seems to be the right and only thing for organizations to do. However, this research hypothesizes that it might also cause certain problems. This research distinct three particular problems, namely: 1) efficiency problems; 2) inability to conform; and 3) conflicting interests. Efficiency Problems Meyer and Rowan (1977) argue that organizations that try to be legitimate by conforming to environmental pressures might encounter a misfit between the organizational structure and its practice. In other words, the environmental pressures are not in line with the organizational practice. For instance, Meyer and Rowan (1977) mention the example of a bus company. A bus company is expected to service certain routes, even when there are no passengers. This is highly inefficient, but the bus company has to conform to the environmental pressures. Edelman (1992) also point out the efficiency problems that might rise in their example of the equal employment opportunity and affirmative action (EEO/AA) law. This law is designed to ban discrimination in the hiring processes of firms and thus restricts organizations and managers to hire or refuse whomever they want. According to Edelman (1992) organizations experience this as highly inefficient and obstructing to managerial power. Inability to Conform A second problem that organizations can encounter is that they simply cannot conform to the environmental pressures. Oliver (1991) argues that some organizations are just not able to conform to certain environmental pressures because they do not have the needed resources or the capacity. For instance, it is more or less a social expectation (thus, a normative pressure) that the area surrounding a fast-food-restaurant is kept clean and clear of garbage by the restaurant itself. However, the restaurant might not have enough personnel or the material (resources and capacity) to conform to this expectation. It might also be possible that organizations simply do not know what is being expected of them or that multiple environmental pressures are conflicting with each other (Oliver, 1992). If any of these options is the case, then the organization might not be able to conform or choose to conform to one pressure, but ignore the other (conflicting) one. Conflicting Organizational or Managerial Interests The third problem that can rise as a result of trying to conform to environmental pressures is that certain organizational or managerial interests might be conflicting with the expectations (environmental pressures). Westphal and Zajac (2001) point out that some organizations that announce a stock repurchase program do not always fully implement these programs. According to them this might be a result of conflicting managerial interests. They argue that top managers might use this strategy, which is actually decoupling, to preserve free cash flow for themselves and thus to maintain managerial discretion over the allocation of resources. In other words, the organization is being expected to fully implement the stock repurchase programs, but top managers seem to want to keep control over the allocation of resources and thus do not (completely) conform to this environmental pressure. What is being expected, and the interests of the managers are conflicting with each other. The previous mentioned findings of Edelman (1992) about the EEO/AA law and its consequences for organizations are also supporting the conflicting interests argument. Edelman (1992) not only argues that conforming to the EEO/AA law, a coercive pressure, is inefficient but also argues that it is in conflict with organizational and managerial interests. Managers want to be free in hiring whomever they want but the EEO/AA law prohibits them from doing this. Thus, the coercive pressure to which the organizations have to conform is in conflict with the interests of the organizations themselves and their managers. Decoupling as  a Problem Solving Tool So far we have traced the process underlying decoupling from trying to be legitimate, to conforming to environmental pressures and to the problems this might cause. This research argues that these problems are the main causes of organizational decoupling but so far nothing has been said about the implementation of decoupling as a response to these problems. This paragraph will give some examples of how organizations use decoupling to solve their problems and will form a bridge between the problems and decoupling. According to Meyer and Rowan (1977), efficiency problems can be solved by formally adopting a structure but then internally decouple this structure from the actual practice. They give an example of how a hospital applies this strategy. In this example Meyer and Rowan (1977) point out that hospitals treat, not cure their patients. The environmental pressures prescribe that hospitals are being expected to cure patients. However, this is highly unpractical because they cannot cure every single patient. The solution to this problem is decoupling. Hospitals give an impression that they cure their patients, and thus conform to the environmental pressures, but actually these hospitals treat their patients and do not cure all of them. In fact, hospitals only publish numbers on treated patients and not or seldom on cured patients (Meyer Rowan, 1977). Edelman (1992), regarding to the EEO/AA law example, also gives a solution to the efficiency problems. Organizations create formal structures in the form of offices, positions, rules and procedures within the organization. These formal structures are actually symbols of compliance. They give the impression that the organization conforms to the environmental pressures, but in fact the organization can hire or reject someone on illegitimate grounds (Edelman, 1992). When an organization does not have the resources or capability to conform to environmental pressures, it will attempt to preclude the necessity of conformity or to conceal nonconformity behind a faà §ade of acquiescence (Oliver, 1991). Oliver (1991) gives an example: when a construction firm is building a house and they are expecting a government inspection of the building site, they might display several activities that normally are not there. For instance, rules require two men to operate heavy machinery on building sites. However, a building firm might not have enough personnel to put two men on the job and thus normally only one man operates the machinery. When the building firm expects an inspection it will, for instance, relocate someone from another building site to the one that is being inspected. So when the inspectors come, the heavy machinery is operated by two men, while normally it is not. This way the organization (construction firm) conceals its nonconformity. A possible solution to the third problem, conflicting organizational or managerial interests, is already mentioned shortly in the previous paragraph. The example of the stock repurchase program (Westphal Zajac, 2001) shows that individual managers simply do not implement the whole program when their interests are in conflict with the plans. So in short, decoupling actually comes down to the following: give the environment the impression that the organization conforms to all expectations (environmental pressures), but when these pressures cause some sort of problem for the organization, actually follow the organizations own rules and routines. Conclusions Recommendations This chapter will formulate conclusions that are derived from the results and give some recommendations for further research on organizational decoupling. Conclusions